Yellow+Fever-Emily+and+Devon

By: Emily Maggiano & Devon Thomas

Coquillettidia fuscopennata more commonly known as Yellow fever = =

==[|The Yellow fever virus!] == toc

History/Background:
Yellow fever epidemics broke out during the 1700s and 1800s. There were cases in Italy, France, Spain and in the United States. A physician named Carlos Finlay and Walter Reed helped make a vaccination for people that were infected with the virus. Over the past 100 or so years there have been no case of outbreaks. Most cases of yellow fever have been located more in the western hemisphere.

Cases and Death rates for 1998 & 1999:
** Rates:** Mortality rates can range from 15% to over 50% depending on the case.

Symptoms when infected with the Virus:
Yellow Fever can stay dormant for three to six days during an incubation period before the symptoms kick in.


 * Stage one of yellow fever:**
 * Fever
 * headache
 * bloody nose and/or gum
 * nausea
 * slowed heart rate
 * pain in the neck, back, and legs
 * Red eyes
 * dizziness

During the second stage after three or so days after the symptoms start, the fever and other symptoms may get better. If the virus does not get better, by that time you will have more serious and life threatening symptoms.
 * Stage two of yellow fever:**
 * bleeding
 * confusion
 * Anuria ( body no longer produces urine)


 * Stage three of yellow fever:**
 * Yellowing of skin and eyes
 * non stop nose bleeds
 * blood in the stool
 * vomiting blood or black substance
 * liver, kidneys,lungs may start to fail

About half the people who enter this stage will die within 10 to 14 days; the other half recover. Shortly before death, the person can become very confused and extremely agitated. In severe cases, the person will go into a coma two to three days before they pass away.

Diagnosis:
If you have a suspected case of yellow fever you should get it checked immediately. Doctors will confirm whether or not you have yellow fever by a blood test.

Transmission of virus:
Yellow fever can not be passed on through human to human contact. In order to get the virus you would have had to of been bitten by a mosquito that was infected, or have contact with an infected persons blood. Transmission of the yellow fever virus occurs in two main ways: urban (mosquito bites an infected human) and sylvatic (mosquito bites an infected monkey). The virus was said to have started in Africa and moved it's way to the North. Yellow fever can affect other organism besides humans, like dogs, monkeys, cows, horses etc. When animals are infected they do not have the same symptoms that humans do. In most cases they just die. The vaccination for the virus called YEL oh FEE ver.

The human body fight the virus?
There is no way for the human body to fight of the virus with out the yellow fever vaccination. If you live in a place such as Africa, when your a child they give you a little bit of the fever so your body can fight it off, then they insert the vaccination.

How has it changed Changed:
Over the past 100 or so years yellow fever has gotten more and more uncommon. When people first discovered yellow fever, there was epidemic's because no one knew what would get it to go away. So people did not so the proper things to do so they wouldn't become infected. Yellow fever is still the same as it was in the 1700s a mosquito can still carry the virus along when it's migrating. The fever has not changed over the years, If anything it got less dangerous.

Organelle:
Yellow fever is mostly transmitted by a //Aedes aegypti// mosquito. They can become infectious 2 weeks after feeding on a host that is infected. they can be iather Jungle, or sylvatic. Yellow fever is can also be transmitted by mosquitoes that live in the forest canopy. These mosquitoes acquire the virus from viremic monkeys/apes. The yellow-fever virus can also be passed from one mosquito genen to another through their eggs. "[|Most studies have looked closley at humoral response. In the current study we describe the hemocytes (blood cells) of the yellow fever mosquito, Aedes aegypti]"

Virus Composition:
Nucleic Acids: Yellow Fever contains single stranded RNA. Proteins: Yellow Fever contains bot stuctured and un-structured proteins. Lipids: Lipids are present in Yellow Fever.

Human Infection:
In order to be infected by Yellow fever you need to have been bitten by a female mosquito carrying it. There are three different types of Yellow Fever. All three occur in Africa but only two occur in South America.
 * //Sylvatic yellow fever// also known as jungle yellow fever. This type of Yellow Fever occurs in both Africa and South America. It mostly occurs in young men working in the forests, because mosquitoes bite monkeys who then get bitten by more mosquitoes which bite the men.
 * //Intermediate yellow fever.// This type of Yellow Fever only occurs in Africa. This type is caused by semi-domestic mosquitoes who bite monkeys and humans.
 * //Urban yellow fever.// This type of Yellow Fever occurs in both Africa and South America it is also the worst type of Yellow Fever and the most common among humans. This type of the virus is caused by domestic mosquitoes and is passed from person to person. No monkeys are involved in this type of Yellow Fever.

Sources:

 * http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs100/en/
 * http://www.dhpe.org/infect/yellow.html
 * http://www.tarakharper.com/v_yellow.htm#vec
 * http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dvbid/YellowFever/index.html
 * http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/001365.htm
 * http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/ICTVdb/ICTVdB/00.026.0.01.001.htm